(and Other Celestial Objects)
Keywords: planets, Field-dynamical Planetary Model, Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, planetary rings, celestial objects
As with all the web pages on the Living Cosmos web site, this web page is a fully referenced work, and is only a portion of the factual, empirical support for the ideas presented. However, these references are not included on this web page, but are included in the book, The Vital Vastness. This book is now published with the full scope and references, and is available for purchase. An attempt will be made to address queries, but not all queries can be answered. Excerpts are presented here as indented paragraphs, and those lines appearing with quotes are from some of the cited references.
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Introduction
At first glance it may appear that the variety of celestial objects -- the planets, comets, stars, galaxies, clusters, and super clusters -- are very different objects. However, when certain features are noted, they reveal a remarkable similarity at the phenomenological level. They all have polar phenomena, such as inflowing and outflowing winds similar to aurora, phenomena along mid-latitudes, and rings that are usually equatorial. The Vital Vastness reveals these similarities. This examination of observations, gotten from space probes and ground-based instruments, uncovers what is referred to as the Field-dynamical Model, as noted for the Earth (Field- dynamical Earth Model; FEM). Here are a few excerpts on the planets, as well as a brief overview of other celestial objects, though there is much more in the book. Also, there is also a web page on Planetary Influences on Solar Activity that reveals other aspects of this model.
Table of Contents
Other Celestial Objects
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The discovery of a magnetic field on Mercury came as a big surprise. A substantial north-south magnetic field of internal origin is observed (intrinsic dipole). The inner core region of Mercury should have solidified or froze out early in its history, leaving only a thin shell-like region. This immediately offers a problem for dynamo theory, because it is: "not considered by most dynamo theorists as a probable source region for traditional planetary dynamo processes to be active. Unfortunately, there are no adequate dynamo theories which predict either the existence or the characteristics of a planetary magnetic field. The existence of an active dynamo places certain constraints on the present-day internal structure and temperature. The most basic constraint is that there must now exist an electrically conducting region in the interior in which electrical currents flow, driven by some energy source."Radio emissions have been known to disappear during certain phases, indicating a time-varying component. Mercury's slow rotation on its axis, temperature profiles, and radio emissions do not match the dynamo model at all. Yet, the facts clearly match what could be expected of the Field-dynamical Model.
The magnetosphere strongly resembles a miniature of the Earth's with everything happening more quickly and repeating more often, because it is closer to the Sun. It also contains sodium, which may help generate electricity. This may be the reason that the electric field in the magnetosphere is much greater than that of the Earth; another completely unsuspected observation. In addition, trapped particles are too dense for what is expected of the Mercurian ionosphere. All of these observations indicate that Mercury, like the Earth, has a dynamical mechanism that generates charged particles and electricity.
Likewise, six-second fluctuations of large fluxes of electrons and protons were observed, and came as a big surprise. "Such well-defined structure was certainly not expected in the streams of high-energy particles, and it will probably be quite difficult to find a physical mechanism that will accelerate particles with opposite charges simultaneously." The Fields of the Field-dynamical Model are adept at doing exactly this, which demonstrates that Mercury's dynamics result from such a model.
Another surprise is that auroras also occur on Mercury. The polar cusps display high levels of helium whose abundance is maintained at a steady state. This observation is unexplained, because a "sink for [hydrogen]" is needed to explain the fact that hydrogen is relatively low compared to helium. However, this is something that could be predicted from the hydrogen-fusion model with hydrogen plasma accelerated into the core, and the subsequent production of helium. The aurora is also time-varying, but being so close to the Sun the auroras should be continuous, according to present models.
In spite of Mercury's weak magnetic field, the magnetosphere has a stronger electric field than that of Earth's. Aurora-like phenomena were observed along the 30o latitudes, as well as mid-latitude hazes, luminous spots, and dark, nebulous rings with a purple tinge have been noted. Tectonic features are non-random with provinces that display polar, mid-latitude and equatorial constraints.
Bright emissions (at short UV wavelengths) were noted on the dark side one day, then disappeared and again reappeared, again indicating a time-varying component. The wavelength noted is typical only of a star -- hydrogen fusion -- or a moon, but Mercury has no moon. As a result the author comments that it had "no right to be there. What the original emissions were from, the ones spotted on the approach to the planet, remains a mystery."Other observations support a Field-dynamical Model for Mercury. The atmosphere is mostly helium, hydrogen and oxygen, but these gases should have escaped along with the solar wind, indicating a local source. Planetary hydrogen fusion and its by-products are an ideal source for replenishing and neutralizing these atmospheric components, while Field dynamics prevent their depletion by deflecting the solar wind. Inert gases, such as neon and argon, are absent, but should be abundant. Some "unknown" energetic process is needed to eject the gas atoms into interplanetary space. The acceleration mechanisms of the Field-dynamical Model are the energetic processes.
Mercury is one tenth as massive as the Earth or Venus, but is has an exceptionally high density. "The observed density of Mercury is confirmed to be too high to be explainable by straightforward condensation and accretion models. Some additional important mechanism is required." This observation departs from the traditional scenario of the condensing protoplanetary nebula (condensation) and an era of bombardment by meteors or planetesimals (accretion). This is strong evidence that our present planetary models are inadequate.
There is much more about Mercury that is discussed in the book that supports this model. The same is true of the other planets, such as Venus.
News Releases About Mercury
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Venus is nearer to the Sun than is the Earth, and it was believed that Venus would have a much stronger magnetic field than the Earth. That is, pressure and temperature conditions are believed to have generated a liquid core, and this depends on the size and composition of the planet. Since Venus is the approximate size of the Earth it should have a strong magnetic field, yet it does not. The magnetic field was observed to be near zero strength for a long period of time. However, at times a strong magnetic field was observed. The Venusian magnetic field is time-varying, as could be predicted if it were a time-varying particle accelerator, such as that of the Field. There is little evidence for a vertical or north-south component, because the magnetic field is only horizontal, and varies from orbit to orbit. Admittedly, scientists again say that these observations have nothing to do with our understanding of internal dynamos. Furthermore, large-scale variations in the magnetic field take place in response to the solar wind, indicating a solar linkage.In spite of its lack of a strong internal magnetic field, Venus has auroras. The presence of auroras was completely unexpected without a strong magnetic field. An oxygen nightglow at times of solar flares was also completely unexpected. A scientist comments on this enigma: "All the known mechanisms [are] far too weak." In spite of it all, Venus is like the Earth, "In many ways these wave and field measurements resemble those obtained at Earth above the auroral oval, within the polar cusp and at the boundary of the plasma sheet." Auroras occurring with such a weak non-dipole magnetic field defy present theories of planetary physics, but support a Field-dynamical Model.
A number of unexpected, and hence, unexplained phenomena were observed at the poles. For one, the polar regions are actually hotter than the equator (see Plate 2). A scientist makes note of this enigma: "This is an unexpected direction of variation, since normally the equatorial regions would be expected to be warmer because of the greater solar heating there. The reasons for this observed behavior are not yet clear."
The reason for this observation is that hydrogen fusion is taking place in the Venusian interior and heated ions are being accelerated out of and into the poles. Another indication of this internal, dynamic energy source is that Venus radiates 15% more energy into space than it receives from the Sun. The planet is entirely cloud covered except for the poles, undoubtedly the clearing at the poles is due to particle flow. Surrounding the poles is the "polar collar cloud," supporting this interpretation (see Plate 3).
Other aspects of the atmosphere, ionosphere and magnetosphere show the latitude constraints of the Field-dynamical Model. A ring or particle density is noted along the equator. There is strong subsidence at the poles, and cold bands surround hot spots, as could be expected of particle flow. In fact, there are what has be called holes in the ionosphere at mid-latitudes with heating, and the enhancement of hydrogen ions inside the holes. Plasma depletions fluctuate with electric fields and the upward flow of ions. Gravity or planetary waves and heat waves emanate from mid-latitudes as well, and both are synchronously coupled, indicating a common cause. Also jets, particle flow and wind shear take place along mid-latitudes.
The observations indicate that there are sources of particle acceleration beyond what is expected of the present model, and reveal what is expected of the Field-dynamical Model.
Typically it is believed that the solar wind causes the acceleration (magnetohydrodynamic processes), but observations indicate that "the differences imply that something else is occurring at Venus in addition." Protons and oxygen (O+) ions appear to have the same speed at some times and different at others. Again observations depart from the traditional: "Our observations provide evidence that the process is taking place, but provide few details of how." As could be predicted by the Field-dynamical Model, strong and large-scale magnetic fields are noted during periods of high solar wind pressure, there are large day-to-day variations of neutral hydrogen, and hot, accelerated hydrogen is greatest at the poles.The ionosphere can reach several thousand kilometers to scarcely any ions above 200 kilometers (125 miles) 24 hours later. Again this is evidence of an ion-generating source and accelerators that are time-varying. The large-scale magnetic fields observed in the ionosphere, when the solar wind pressure is high, persist longer than expected from a weak non-dipole magnetic field.
At certain wavelengths (infrared) the darkside shows patchy bright and dark cloud patterns about temperate regions that cannot be understood by present models either. Two probes showed an unexpected glow that increased near the surface possibly akin to the glow or lighted displays noted in the Field areas on Earth, such as Saint Elmo's fire in the North Atlantic Field (only thermoluminescent). Infrared and ultraviolet wave-length analyzers also disclosed unexplained voltage changes (gradient drops). Similar voltage gradients are utilized in physics to accelerate particles. All of these observations would have been explained and even expected if the Field- dynamical Model was known.
Lightning on Venus also gave us a few surprises, and confirms this Field-Dynamical Model. Strong and impulsive (time-varying) low-frequency noise bursts were noted when the local magnetic field was strong and steady. Lightning clustered near Beta and Atla on the eastern edge of Aphrodite Terra, which is a land form with volcanic peaks at about the 30o South Latitude. The surprise was that the lightning came up from the planet, and it is not volcanically triggered. Lightning on Earth takes place along with precipitation, but Venus displayed no precipitation. Furthermore, bursts of radio noise, typical of particles flowing along a magnetic field, were noted, but below the cloud level. A region at the 30o North Latitude, with volcanic peaks, is another source of lightning discharges. Lightning is observed on both the day and night sides with very low-frequency waves (whistlers) detected deep in the ionosphere.
Another indication of time-varying accelerators involves observations of changes in carbon dioxide. Strengths of carbon dioxide vary in a four-day cycle, which is not exactly periodic, but is built-up on successive cycles and then "collapses." In order to produce this effect the cloud-deck must move up and down as much as one kilometer (0.62 miles) simultaneously over the entire planet! This requires a high input of mechanical energy that is extremely difficult to account for in a slowly rotating planet. One author discusses this in an article titled, "Venus Breathes in Steady Fashion": "Therefore the cycle variations point to some unexplained deep-seated property of the atmospheric dynamics."
More evidence comes in observations of Venus' superrotating atmosphere. Winds at high altitude sweep around the planet in only four days, while the rotation of Venus takes 243 days. What makes it even more impossible to reconcile with current planetary models is that the clouds rotate in the opposite direction of the planet (i.e., retrograde motion). This superrotation consists of maximums of hydrogen and helium, and (ultraviolet) airglow after midnight, as well as a daily temperature variations. As discussed in Tome One, the mid-latitude Fields become active away from the Sun, accelerating the by-products of hydrogen fusion -- protons, hydrogen and helium nuclei and atoms -- causing temperature changes.
A "Y"on its side and other shapes appear as dark features (particularly in UV photos) that are centered along the equator. The "Y" feature persists for weeks reappearing in four-day intervals, and persists at the same longitude for at least decades. These features, again, show the predicted mid-latitude restrictions: "the large scale markings ([about] 1,000 km. or 600 mi.) situated between the 45o latitudes have lifetimes greater than 4 [days] and move with an apparent angular motion at the equator." (see Plate 5).
Temperature and pressure variations also disclose the importance of latitude in accordance with the Field-dynamical Model. Not only are the poles hot, but the deep atmosphere is also cooler near the equator than at 30o latitudes below 40 kilometers (25 miles). One probe's data "show the equatorial region to be (surprisingly) cooler than mid-latitudes below the clouds." This was unexpected and is not understood, because more sunlight strikes the equatorial region. Meanwhile, mid-latitude fields ionizing the atmosphere, producing a partial vacuum, would cause equatorial air to flow away from the equator and into the mid-latitude Fields (damming), producing these observations.
Likewise, at the poles the coldest and hottest temperatures exist side by side, the hottest over the pole, and the coldest around the pole along the polar collar. Atmospheric pressure is highest at about the 30o latitudes, with high values at the equator, and near the pole, at about the 60o latitude. The lowest pressure is directly over the pole. Furthermore, the temperature and pressure variations cannot be explained by the rotation of Venus (i.e., cyclostrophic balance). Yet, particle flow can explain all of these observations with high pressure occurring in those regions that the atmosphere flows into when balancing the partial vacuum that was created by the ionization of the atmosphere.
Other features are evident, and discussed in the book. One unexpected phenomena for present models are the tectonics features. The Venus lithosphere (rock surface) is too thin and hot to allow deformation, but there is tectonic features. There are also something like the transform faults (nearly right angle fractures) and rift valleys, as appear on Earth. A canyon along the equator is much larger than the Grand Canyon. Notwithstanding, Venus' surface should be fairly smooth due to the high temperatures and thin crust.
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News Releases About Venus
Like most of the inner or terrestrial planets, Mars displays differences between what was expected of dynamo theory, and what has been observed, when considering its magnetic field. Strong controversial differences exist between the strength of the internal (intrinsic) magnetic field and its ability to deflect the solar wind above the ionosphere. The evidence demands a stronger magnetic field (mass flux is two orders greater). Yet, all the observations indicate that Mars does not have a magnetic field, though it may have had one in its early history, or it is time-varying, and has not yet been observed.The magnetosphere away from the Sun displays a flow with velocities much larger than the planet's escape velocity. This indicates some type of acceleration mechanism exists that is not explained by present physical theory. Unexpectedly, Mars also has an aurora (UV dayglow and CO) indicative of magnetic and/or electric lines of force.
It becomes immediately apparent that something unique is affecting the polar regions of Mars when it is noted that circular basins exist at each pole. Each basin contains stacked plate units that resemble a pinwheel (see Plate 6). It also resembles the patterns noted on the polar regions of the Sun, comets, galaxies and other celestial objects, as will be discussed. Polar stress patterns cannot be explained by simple convection models, but require episodes of flow descending towards the interior near the poles. This is an accurate way of describing a time-varying particle accelerator that accelerates particles towards the interior operating since the planet's formation. The polar basins cannot be explained, as once attempted, by two impacts of the same energy striking each pole.
Other polar features are noted that could be expected of the Field-dynamical Model. There are spiral clouds with a narrow jet at the North Pole, and clouds reach 50 kilometers (86 miles), when present theory states that they should be only 6-7 kilometers (10.7-11.3 miles). These spiraling clouds are very similar to cyclones on Earth. The North Pole is a very active weather center.
Also supportive of the new model is mid-latitude phenomena. The mid-latitudes have very active weather phenomena that shows a solar linkage. Parallel clouds, dust storms, darkening waves, and lee, heating and gravity waves all show relationships with mid-latitudes. Fluctuations in temperature and pressure gradients are especially noted for the mid-latitudes. There have also been bright and dark spots observed along these latitudes.
Other features indicate a very dynamic planet. Evidence of massive floods is plentiful on Mars. Like Venus, Mars has a canyon that dwarfs our Grand Canyon. Tectonic features are said to be due to the rotation of features between the 40o latitudes, again showing mid-latitude constraints. As occurs with the other planets, much of the phenomena fluctuates with solar activity, and there is strong evidence of a solar linkage.
Recently, the question about whether Mars had, and still has, water has been answered. As with so many other aspects of the planets, there are clear similiaities, "The salts found mimic the salts in Earth's ocean fairly closely. There was apparently a uniformity between the planets." This is the conclusion after studying a meteorite from Mars. There are also many features on Mars that bare the evidence of the flow of water on the Martian surface. These recent findings confirm earlier observations that Mars had, and still has, some water.
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News Releases About Mars
Jupiter's aurora is the largest ever viewed by humankind, approximately 29,000 kilometers
(18,000 miles) long at the North Pole (as observed 5 March 1979). It is much stronger than
expected by present models, and due to electrostatic forces it is attended by lightning.
Another contradiction to the present model is that those particles which precipitate along
field lines in one hemisphere are inhibited from reaching the other hemisphere. Yet, this
phenomena can be understood as particle acceleration along field lines and into the Jovian
interior. Likewise, the observation of X-rays, typical of particle acceleration, were noted at
both poles. Auroras display greater acceleration at about the 180o longitude, which
is unexplained by present theory, but is associated with a magnetic anomaly. The moons, Io and
Europa, are known to produce auroras by triggering particle flow. Jovian auroras are not rare
and have been observed repeatedly.
The bright polar regions of Jupiter are clear of atmospheric gases evidently due to particle
flow. Typical of the Field-dynamical Model, hydrogen (H and H2) enhancements at the
poles are time-varying. There is also a polar wind of hydrogen, and enhanced methane emission
bands surround the poles at about the 60o latitudes. An unusually large abundance of
hydrogen is associated with the auroras, but it cannot be explained by present-day models of
Jupiter, nor by solar wind sources.
Latitude restrictions of various phenomena are conspicuous in observations of the atmosphere,
and those clouds that make up the bands and spots of vivid color. For one, the colors in the
banded structures are parallel to the equator. Blue light was noted at latitudes below
40o, and blue and red bands increase above the 40o North and 48o
South Latitudes. The bands of color display distinct changes at about the 30o
latitudes. Sharp boundaries exist in the cloud systems, which have time-varying characteristics
(see Plate 9).
Other observations display the expected constraints of the Field-dynamical Model. Solar heating
is mostly along the equator, but there are warm features at the 35o latitudes, and
there is more heat above the 45o latitudes. Scientist note that an "unknown
mechanism" is required to explain the observations. Also indicative of an internal energy
source is the fact that sixteen times more energetic oxygen and sulfur ions flow out into the
magnetosphere. A number of other phenomena confirm that this new model of Jupiter is a reality.
Further support for the new model are the wind peaks that occur at the 20o to
30o latitudes, and less so at 10o latitudes. Likewise, flare-like
discharges and lightning take place, and there is a high concentration of hydrogen (lyman-alpha)
in low latitudes of the upper atmosphere. Possibly the greatest indication of a hydrogen fusion
core is the energy it receives from the Sun is only a small portion of what is radiated by
Jupiter. Likewise, Jupiter has often been referred to as the "sun that never made it."
Like the other planets, Jupiter has many features that fluctuate with solar activity. One such
feature is the Great Red Spot, which has been observed ever since we trained our telescopes on
it more than three centuries ago. Such a long-lived feature requires a mechanism to prevent
wind shear, which should have destroyed this feature long ago. Can you imagine a hurricane on
Earth staying in the same place for even a few hours? Here, it has remained in the same
location for more than three centuries. Obviously, there is more to Jupiter than the present
model allows. There are many more observations presented in the book that confirm that the
Field-dynamical Model is at work.
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And see the news stories below.
As with the Moon and FEM, radiation is depleted by the moons due to particle flow along field
lines (i.e., plasma torus, bow shock, electrostatic repulsion, etc.). Radio discharges are
impulsive, as could be expected of a time-varying particle accelerator. Electrons peak at
90o with respect to the local dipole magnetic field. The "most remarkable and
enigmatic aspect" is the high agreement (axisymmetry) of the magnetic field and the
rotation axis, which may be exactly the same. Like so many other features of the other planets,
this close conformity is not understood within the framework of dynamo theory. Indicative of an
internal energy source, Saturn radiates 2.4 times the energy it receives from the Sun. These
facts alone suggest that the Field-dynamical Model operates on Saturn, but there is more.
Typical phenomena of the Field-dynamical Model take place at the polar regions of Saturn.
Aurora occur at approximately the 80o latitudes around the poles, and they also
involve a polar wind. Typical of particle accelerators, X-rays are noted during auroras.
Helium, a product of hydrogen fusion, is emitted at the poles, and hydrogen emissions fluctuate
with solar activity. Polar brightening is evidently the result of particle flow, and polar
phenomena are time-varying.
Along the equator Saturn has rings and what is called the Saturn Electrostatic Discharge or SED.
A ring current, bursts of hydrogen (lyman-alpha), and a hydrogen glow near the rings, especially
the B-ring, are observed. Also, heavy ions, electrons, and the rings are strong sources of
radio emission, indicative of particle flow along magnetic field lines. Likewise, SED has been
associated with low-energy charged particle fluxes. SED revolves or rotates like a search light
beacon, and is confined to a narrow band along the equator (within 5 minutes). The spokes of
the B-ring, polar aurora, brightening and SED are all time-varying. All, except the SED, are
associated with a possible magnetic anomaly. More about the rings and SED will be discussed in
the section on planetary rings.
Other "mysteries" only serve to confirm the Field-dynamical Model. Saturn's
brightness fluctuates with solar activity, though irregularly (i.e., time-varying). The power
for the aurora, heating of the atmosphere, and electron concentration in the ionosphere are
without explanation according to present hypotheses. Likewise, the excess of hydrogen is not
explained. Indicative of an internal heat source is the fact that Saturn radiates 2.4 times more
heat than it absorbs from the Sun. Yet, all of these observations can be predicted from an
understanding of the new model.
Again, there is much more presented in the book that confirms that this model is at work.
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Meanwhile, the evidence is there for the Field-dynamical Model. Radio emission at the weak
"North Pole" is time-varying. It is an impulsive solar-wind driven source with at
least six separate components. Auroral zones are much closer to what has been called the
"equator" than to the rotational poles. The emissions are like those at Earth,
Jupiter and Saturn, and are unexplained (including a dichotomy between narrow band bursty and
smooth emissions). Auroras are "self-excited," or better stated, it is driven
internally, not solar-wind driven, and disturbs the upper atmosphere. In addition to the aurora,
there is also airglow and electroglow in the form of a double helix in the tail of the field.
The electroglow has been so-named because it is believed to be due to electrons exciting
hydrogen in the upper atmosphere. However, the source of the electrons' energy is not known
according to present models. The hydrogen column (Lyman-alpha) is unexpectedly strong and
time-varying (by a factor of two in 24 hours), which also indicates a magnetic field. Aurora
are observed at 44.2o North Latitude and spread about 15o in diameter
typical of the Fields. The level of electrons that feed into such a diameter are insufficient
to account for the observed intensity, requiring a dynamic component.
The energy sources of the atmospheric phenomena also disclose the Field-dynamical Model. The
upper atmosphere reaches a temperature (750o K) that causes it to balloon 6,000
kilometers (3,725 miles) above the clouds. About 30% of the heat radiated comes directly from
Uranus. Solar input alone cannot account for the high temperature, and therefore, another
source is required. The source is the hydrogen fusion core of the Field-dynamical Model.
Other features reveal what is expected of the Field-dynamical Model. For example, warmer
temperatures should be observed at the South Pole, because the Sun directly heats this pole.
Notwithstanding, the temperatures are fairly uniform, even for the dark North Pole. The equator
is the warmest, and the 30o latitudes have the lowest temperatures. A number of
other atmospheric features reveal the new model.
Other observations reveal the anticipated. Ammonia concentrations are greater from 15o
to 45o latitudes. That is, a 15o spread from the 30o latitudes.
Concentrations are strongest in the 30o to 40o South Latitudes and
depleted in the South Pole. In contrast, and expected of particle flow, there is a "gap"
in methane concentrations at the 30o South Latitude. Thermochemical equilibrium
cannot explain the gradients and concentrations of ammonia, sulfur and other chemical species.
Likewise, latitude differences require pole to equator variations in temperature-pressure
profiles and/or latitude variations of an internal heat source. All of these observations are a
very adequate description of the new model.
Lightning discharges in the atmosphere generate an emission known as the Uranian Electrostatic
Discharge. Uranian radio source footpoints are at the 40o to 62o South
Latitudes. Much of this Uranian Kilometric Radiation is centered around 45o South
Latitude. There are symmetrical emissions in the cone shape of the Field evident at the
45o latitude (about 235o longitude). On the dark side of the Southern
Hemisphere, there is a quiet region in the center. This is an accurate description of Field
structure, as pictured for the Earth in Tome One. Like the Sun, Jupiter and Saturn there is a
differential rotation of the clouds that varies with latitude.
Like Neptune and Jupiter, the discovery of rings was a surprise as were a number of other
features. Again, much more confirms that the Field-dynamical Model is responsible for features
on Uranus, and this is discussed in the book.
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Observations revealed that there are relatively large non-dipole contributions to the magnetic
field. These contributions are similar to the Earth's surface and life contributing to the
geomagnetic field. Like Uranus, the offset field of Neptune is not typical of dynamo theory,
and is, therefore, "unexplained." These facts alone suggest that a Field-dynamical
Model is responsible for the observations.
Encouraging the idea that it has an internal energy source, Neptune emits 2.7 times the energy
it receives from the Sun. Neptune's spin rate was believed to be about 17 hours before the
Voyager observations. This spin rate was needed to explain why Neptune radiates much more heat
than Uranus. That is, the spin rate is theorized to be related to the mixing of the planet's
interior, which affects the rate at which heat reaches the surface where it is radiated away.
However, with the 16-hour spin rate, this mixing theory is in trouble. These facts encourage
the idea that there is an internal heat source.
Like the other gaseous planets, the heat distribution is different than what would be expected
from solar heating. The poles and equator are warmer than mid-latitudes even though both solar
and known internal heat sources differ. Also spots along mid-latitudes show evidence of
particle flow, and there are time-varying atmospheric features.
Typical of the inadequacy of traditional models a group of scientists remark: "The
mid-latitude cool bands, reminiscent of Uranus, are not simply explained in terms of radiative
forcing. The similarity in the meridional structure of temperature and thermal winds on Neptune
and Uranus was unexpected." This is in spite of the differences in solar heating, which is
greater in the equatorial region of Neptune and the polar region of Uranus.
Another observation was made using the University of Hawaii's 2.2-meter telescope. It was
discovered that Neptune's northern hemisphere is now brighter that its southern hemisphere. For
more than a decade the southern hemisphere has been brighter, although the hemispheres were
roughly equal from the late 1970s on. Present models of Neptune offer no explanation for the
phenomenon, but with a Field-dynamical Model this is no mystery.
Even Pluto shows the latitude restricted phenomena of the Field-dynamical Model, though it is
very difficult to get good images of Pluto at its orbital distance.
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One such parallel between the planets involves the dynamics of their atmospheres. Solar energy
inputs to each planet's atmosphere can vary by a factor of 1,000. Yet, the cloud-top wind
speeds are roughly the same for all the planets from Venus to Neptune. A team of scientists
discuss this unexpected phenomenon:
"That the winds are of the order 100 [meters/second] on all the planets is a challenge that
any theory of atmospheric dynamics must face. Wind is perhaps the most fundamental variable in
dynamic meteorology, yet there is no unified theory that accounts for the wind speeds observed
in all planetary atmospheres. Over the years Voyager wind observations revealed many surprises,
including the high-velocity, localized winds in the midst of Jupiter's long-lived features, the
high wind speed at Saturn's equator relative to the interior, and the dominance of east-west
winds at Uranus despite that planet's peculiar orientation. The resemblance to the other giant
planets is probably just the first of Neptune's surprises. The only sure lesson in the science
of comparative planetology is humility."
Wind speeds are similar for all the planets, despite the different atmospheric compositions and
distances from the Sun, simply because their dynamics are controlled by the same mechanism: the
particle flow of the Field-dynamical Model.
Other similarities were just as surprising. Both Jupiter and Neptune have great spots that
cover approximately 15o in latitude by 30o in longitude, occupy stable
positions in latitude bands centered near the same latitude, and are associated with bright,
active regions. Present theoretical models cannot account for this resemblance and stability,
because they are claimed to be storm centers. Storm centers could not be so similar, and so
fixed in position for so long.
For example, can you imagine a hurricane on Earth staying fixed in position for even a few days?
Jupiter's Red Spot has been in the same position since we trained our telescopes on it almost
three centuries ago! It is obvious that an underlying mechanism, dynamically related to the
interior is constantly supplying energy to the spot, and the cold depths of outer space make the
gases reveal its position, unlike the Earth or other inner planets closer to the Sun.
Another enigma is the equatorial rotation of the planets and the Sun. Venus, Jupiter, Saturn
and the Sun are equatorial superrotators, which is unexplained and unexpected. A group of
atmospheric scientists comment on what is required for this phenomenon. Their statement
practically asks for the Field-dynamical Model: "Maintaining equatorial superrotation
requires some pumping of angular momentum into the equator by organized waves or eddies."
They also have a large number of alternating zonal currents that are also unexplained. These
phenomena are considered enigmas, because present theories are inadequate.
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Sheparding is the proposed mechanism that generates rings. The moons of the planets are said to
gravitationally pull on ring particles, causing them to more or less follow the moons. The
problem with this theory is immediately apparent in the fact that rings are far too complex in
structure, and there are no moons to account for a number of ring features. Here is some of the
discussion in The Vital Vastness.
Dust grains that pass through the plasma surrounding the planets will exert a drag on the grain
(i.e., plasma drag). This would cause a loss in orbital speed and the grains should fall
towards the planets. Obviously this does not happen, or the rings would not be there. An
original moon(s) that had broken up by some given situation (tidal break-up or collision) does
not fit the observations either. Two scientists comment on an observation that reveals the
failure of gravitational theory as the sole explanation:
"Even when the two shepards passed each other (called a conjunction), the ring between them
refused to unravel. Between the Voyager encounters, gravity had regained the primary role as
the shaper of rings -- electromagnetic forces had lost their appeal -- but conjunctions seemed
the most likely time to see gravitational effects."
Theorists cannot explain how one resonance produces a spiral (density) wave, a second a sharp
edge, and a third subtle narrow bands or gaps. Satellites produce turning forces (torques) that
tend to confine a ring, but also transfer so much energy that confinement is impossible. In
this regard a group of physicists state the inevitable: "Our assessment of this paradox
suggests that the accepted description of the sheparding mechanism is seriously flawed."
The Fields of the Field-dynamical Model come into conjunction along the equator, as they bow
back towards the planet. In this way plasma is guided away from the ring plane where it would
destroy the rings. This is why observations show that plasma and radiation are relatively
absent from the ring plane. Here is an excerpt discussing the role of electrostatic forces and
the new model.
The interaction of charged dust particles and the geometry of the Fields would lead to the rings,
and their replenishment and individual characteristics. Whenever there is high-velocity flow it
would lead to grain destruction and fragmentation, creating gaps, grooves, sharp edges and
ethereal rings. Areas of low-velocity flow (or no flow) would lead to grain growth and generate
rings. The various charges and atomic species would develop into discrete bands, due to the
electrostatic and electromagnetic forces of the Field-dynamical Model. The geometry of the
Field-dynamical Model, as well as the particular characteristics of a given planet, lead to the
various ring systems (see Figure 8).
The magnetic field appears to control ring positioning, because they are always oriented in
relation to the main magnetic field. This orientation discloses that an interrelationship
exists between the Field system, including the main magnetic field, and the rings. A strong
interaction between ring particles, radiation near the planet, and the magnetic field have been
observed repeatedly.
Time-varying radio emissions, typical of a particle accelerator, along with helium, were noted
in the ring plane. Jupiter, which is theoretically not supposed to have rings, has rings, and
its dusty magnetosphere is above and below the ring plane, but not in the ring plane itself. A
number of other unexpected observations have also been revealed.
This comment reveals the need for the new model: "What we've been doing has been racking
our brains for a mechanism. At the moment we're stuck. Maybe we're just missing something."
Many enigmas remain for the present theoretical framework. Present theory renders untenable any
explanation involving particles in synchronous, planet-aligned rotation. Meanwhile, this is what
we find exists for all the planets whose rings have been studied.
One of the most puzzling features of the rings is their short lifetime. For the most part, they
could only be 1,000 years old or less. A ring of dust would have been swept away by solar
radiation, plasma drag and micro-meteoroids. Electromagnetic forces, their origin
"unknown," deposit the ring material, which is unexpectedly very young. Scientists
studying planetary rings comment: "Thus these short timescales remain perhaps the most
intriguing puzzle in planetary ring dynamics."
The Field-dynamical Model produces, maintains and controls the dynamics of the rings. As a
result, scientists come to the inevitable conclusion. "Evidence exists for electromagnetic
processes in the rings superimposed on the overall gravitational dynamics."
The composition of the ring particles also indicates the new model, which is particularly
obvious in the case of Saturn. Very tiny or micron-sized beads of ice would have a very short
life span, because they would erode due to blows from micro-meteorites and atomic-scale
disintegration. Like evidence on Mars, the Moon and elsewhere, there has to be a source of
water, as this quote indicates: "Apparently a million tons of water had somehow been
dispersed as micron droplets and quick-frozen in space." Likewise, Jupiter has water,
ammonia and methane as ring components. Hydrogen fusion produces very active species of
hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen and oxygen, which could combine to produce water (or calthrate
hydrates), ammonia, and hydrocarbons, such as methane.
Ring thickness is a mere five or ten meters (15 to 30 feet) for rings that are 270,000 kilometers
(167,400 miles) across! Scientists describe how this relationship within a portion of the rings
compares with Earthly phenomena: "If the depth of the Atlantic Ocean were in the same
proportion to its 4,000-kilometer breadth as this thickness is to the breadth of the rings, the
abyssal depths of the Atlantic would not quite reach 1 meter; you could never get in over your
head."
Saturn's rings have waves or ripples that move inward, unlike a pebble tossed into a pond, as
would occur with gravitation. A moon, such as Mimas, would cause outward-propagating spiraling
(density) waves, which would bring particles about 500 meters (165 feet) above and below the
ring plane. Saturn's rings are quite substantially thinner than this (by a factor of 100 in
some cases). Furthermore, these ripples are more like the grooves of a phonograph record. To
think that gravity could produce this is like claiming a huge steel ball at a distance could put
grooves in a vinyl disc generating a musical record. As most of us know, it requires controlled
electromagnetic equipment to produce such recordings. Likewise, controlled electromagnetic
forces are required to produce ring grooves, braids and kinks.
Luminous phenomena in the vicinity of the rings have been observed repeatedly, and prove that
electrostatic forces are at work. From the 18th Century onwards luminous points on the ring
edge, luminous objects and the disappearance of one side of Saturn's rings have been observed.
One astronomer (Maurice Ainslie) observed a luminous object pass through the rings and devour
ring material as it moved. This object was a mass of ionizing radiation, which can destroy ring
material. The rings are known to change in brightness, evidently due to time-varying particle
flow. White spots where noted on the rings and the planet numerous times. Bright projections
on the rings and "sparkling flocculence" where also observed. For example, a white
projection was seen near a white spot at the edge of the south equatorial band on 29 September
1910. Voyager 1 took a photo of Saturn and five of its moons, which included an unexpected
luminous object. Images of the F-ring show variable luminosity that includes observations of a
helical core and emission jets (see Plate 18).
One event, in late September 1990, a large white spot appeared on Saturn. Shortly following,
this spot developed into a 21,000-kilometer (1,305-mile) long oval. By November, it had
developed into a planet-encircling band. Other white spots were observed in 1876, 1903, 1933
and 1960. Saturn's orbital period around the Sun is 29.4 years, which is close to the times of
these observations, and may indicate a Saturn-solar linkage is involved.
There are a variety of features in rings that could never be produced by gravity. These include
very thin rings, gaps, grooves, eccentric rings, braids, spirals, ripples and kinks. Saturn has
dark wedge-shaped spokes that reappear in the same locations, are along mid-latitudes and rotate
with the planet.
Planetary physicists assert that, "The spokes were not darker particles or areas of fewer
particles; they are microscopic particles that are perhaps elevated above the main part of the
ring by some magnetic-electrostatic process." "However, the question, how relatively
weak electromagnetic interactions can exercise such a profound effect has remained a major
puzzle." Meanwhile, electric and magnetic fields and electrostatic effects along Field
lines in combination are responsible for these features.
A relatively dense plasma is required near the rings in order to generate a strong enough
surface electric field to lift dust particles off the rings. A team of scientists discuss this
in the framework of current theories: "It is unlikely that the average plasma density near
the rings is large enough to do this. As long as the drifting plasma is dense enough, dust will
be elevated marking the radial trail of the plasma."
This trail reveals the Field-dynamical Model, because the greatest spoke activity is spaced at
45o intervals in longitude (magnetic longitude bins of 45o). Likewise,
the Fields on Earth, as noted in Tome One, are similarly spaced. A funnel shape to the Field
would account for the wedge shape of the spokes. Plasma acceleration along field lines is the
suggested mechanism (field-aligned currents parallel to the magnetic field). Electrons are
ejected from parts of Saturn's rings, and possess significant electrical conductivity. In
contrast, present theory leaves open the questions of the origin of the dense plasma and the
time-varying nature of spoke activity.
The Saturn Electrostatic Discharge (SED), and the Saturn Kilometric Radiation (SKR) were
observed in a solar linkage. The new model is again evident in that SED, SKR, spoke, and aurora
fluctuate together. Since each of these phenomena occur in different locations, yet fluctuate
together, there must be a model that integrates them, and can account for other ring features
and associated phenomena.
So far, rings appear to be a universal phenomena for the planets in our Solar System. The
evidence is particularly obvious for Saturn, Jupiter, Neptune and Uranus. Venus has a ring,
particle density, brightness emissions, heat (Kelvin) waves, and a structured cloud pattern
along its equator. Mercury has had dark, nebulous rings with an occasional violent tinge.
Mars has many phenomena along the equator, but no ring, per say, has been observed as yet.
However, the next mission will undoubtedly discover some form of ring phenomena if nothing but
a ring current in the magnetosphere. Pluto is too far away and eccentric in its orbit to
distinguish any real details, let alone rings. However, the ice caps do grow only to the
equator, and a reddish band exists along the equator -- so ring phenomena seem likely. Unified
Theory predicts that more rings will be found when sufficient observational data are collected.
Planetary rings and moons' orbits tend to be the narrowest near the planet and thicken away from
the planet. For example, Jupiter's ring is a wedge shape with its inner region about 28.5% of
the outer region. This is to be expected from the Field geometry. Likewise, Jupiter's moons
orbit the planet along the equatorial plane until the outer moons (Leda, Himalia, Elara,
Lysithea, Ananke, Carme, Pasiphae and Sinope) are reached who orbit above and below the plane.
This is also true of the Saturnian and Neptunian systems.
This arrangement is what we also find with planetary rings, and other celestial objects.
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Though stars, galaxies and other celestial objects appear different, they have similar phenomena.
All have outflowing and inflowing winds at the poles, rings of matter that are usually equatorial,
and display phenomena along mid-latitudes. For example, our Sun has a ring of globular matter
and the Interplanetary Magnetic Field along the ecliptic plane, and inflowing and outflowing
winds at the poles, such as polar faculae and the polar topknots. Also, sunspots and other
solar eruptions are most active along mid-latitudes. The planets themselves form a ring along
the ecliptic plane, and even widen further away from the Sun, as do planetary rings.
Galaxies have polar winds in the form of jets and anti-jets, stars form rings along the equator,
and supernova, and protoplanetary and planetary nebulae form along the equator. The spiral arms
of galaxies, along with their magnetic fields, occur along the equator. When stars form they
have inflowing and outflowing winds at their poles, and have equatorial rings of matter that
eventually form planets. Clusters and Super Clusters of galaxies also have rings of stars, a
core of stars, and display polar features. Even the large-scale structure of the Universe
displays ring-like and mid-latitude features, even the sinusoidal arrangement typical of the
Fields on the planets. These are all discussed in The Vital Vastness.
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http://www.livingcosmos.com/celestial.htmJupiter
Jupiter's magnetic field is about four times stronger than that of the Earth's. As
a result, the magnetosphere extends beyond its moons to about one hundred times Jupiter's radius.
Radio bursts, caused by particle flow along the magnetic lines of force, are almost entirely
dependent on the phase of Io, Jupiter's largest moon. There is also a correlation between solar
wind boundaries and (decimeter) radio emission. Particle flow along the field system can be
witnessed in that compression of the magnetosphere coincides with the activation of the
equatorial current. These observations alone indicate that a Field-dynamical Model also
operates on Jupiter.
A number of other features fail to be explained by the present models of Jupiter.
Pioneer 10 observed changes in the atmosphere that were much too great to be resolved by present
theory. The power for the aurora, heating of the atmosphere, and a sink for major ions at high
latitudes are also unexplained. Temperature variations in certain features, such as the major
white ovals and the Great Red Spot, are colder in some regions closer to Jupiter's surface
(upper troposphere and tropopause), and relatively warm in another region above this (upper
stratosphere). "At the present time, no satisfactory explanation for this behavior
appears to exist." This enigmatic nature of its workings is because the Field-dynamical
Model is not being considered, and are due to particle flow.
News Releases About Jupiter
Saturn
Saturn has radio signals similar to those of Jupiter along with a magnetosphere and
radiation belts. The leading edge of the magnetosphere (bowshock) and proton levels are
responsive to the solar wind. Electrons and protons are accelerated within the magnetosphere.
News Releases About Saturn
Uranus
The magnetic field of Uranus was one of the many surprises of the Voyager mission.
Originally it was believed that Uranus had no magnetic field or magnetosphere. Yet, it is very
complex, revealing more of the Field-dynamical Model than most other Voyager observations of the
other planets. There is a magnetosphere inside a magnetosphere with lines that are known to
dive back below the surface before reaching the equator. The magnetosphere displays convection
like that of the Earth, while the whole system corotates with the planet. The rotational axis
and the magnetic field are "offset" by 55o to 60o. Another way
of looking at this phenomena is to interpret this offset as actually the observation of a
30o latitude field, which is being assumed to be a displaced dipole field, because
the phenomena observed are typical of a polar region. A dipole is speculated in order to
preserve the opinion that magnetic fields are always generated by dynamo processes.
Two convection cells in the atmosphere are displaced on either side of the
30o latitudes. There is strong mixing of the clouds with the atmosphere, and they
are formed in an area of strong vertical wind shear. Sources that drive the winds are not
understood in light of present models, because they should typically be horizontal. Like Earth,
equatorial winds flow against (retrograde) and mid-latitude winds flow with (prograde) the
rotation of Uranus. Meanwhile, solar heating should cause expansion toward the equator, and the
Coriolis Force should result in retrograde winds, yet observations show the opposite. This is
unexpected, but a scientist insightfully relates that it could be due to "internal
dynamics." Likewise, in the downstream magnetosphere there are repeated enhancements of
proton and electron flows. These time-varying internal dynamics are expected of the Field-
dynamical Model.
News Releases About Uranus
Neptune
When it was discovered that Neptune had an odd magnetic field too, a comment that
seemed essential long ago was finally made. The observation "should force theorists to
rethink their ideas about how magnetic fields are generated within the interiors of planets."
Planetary geologists tried to explain the offset magnetic field of Uranus by claiming that it
was undergoing a polar reversal. But, when it was discovered that Neptune appeared similar it
certainly left that explanation open to question. The odds that both planets would be reversing
at the same time that Voyager passed by is essentially impossible. The Neptunian magnetic field
is "tilted" nearly 50o away from the rotational pole, or it could be said
to be at about the 40o latitude if it were not insisted that it is the pole (see
Figure 6).
Neptune, like Uranus, has a subrotating atmosphere at low latitudes, and a
superrotating atmosphere at high latitudes. The high latitudes are superrotating because of the
spread of the Fields with altitude (more surface area is ionized). Assuming that Neptune rotates
ever 16 hours, then the winds blow the "wrong way" relative to the interior.
Furthermore, the Solar System's fastest winds appear to whip through Neptune's atmosphere at an
astounding 600 meters per second (about 1,340 miles per hour)! The high wind speeds, the
persistence of the large oval "storm" systems, and the hour to hour variability of
small-scale features were unexpected in an atmosphere that receives one 20th as much energy from
internal heat and absorbed sunlight as Jupiter, and only one 350th of that of the Earth. There
is no question that these winds are powered by an internal and powerful energy source.
Other Similarities
It is obvious from the above discussion that the planets resemble each other at a
number of levels. However, there are additional likenesses between the planets that calls for
new models of planetary dynamics. The observations depart from traditional models, as
conventional interpretations are at a impasse for explanations.
Planetary Rings
Until little more than a decade ago it was believed that only Saturn had rings.
Today every planet that we have been able to study in detail has a ring or rings of some sort.
Even the Earth has the equatorial ring-current and equatorial electrojet. Typical of our
present focus on gravitational theories, attempts have been made to explain rings
gravitationally, but without any real success.
Because most moons and moonlets have unique and even eccentric orbits, they create
what is referred to as resonances. Proposed resonances, a "vibration" caused by the
satellites' motion in orbit, are not strong enough to do the job. Accordingly, rings should
only be tens of meters wide, but instead are kilometers or thousands of kilometers wide. One of
the major flaws of the theory is that the two types of proposed mechanisms of ring confinement,
sheparding and self-gravity of the rings, involve unseen satellites that in all probability do
not exist outside imagination and predetermined theory.
The flow of ionizing radiation would create electrical charges on particles
(creating different ions and chemical species), leading to the electrostatic levitation of ring
particles. Electric potential developed by a surface in space is theoretically of general
astrophysical interest, because it is a widespread phenomenon. Particles with a charge would be
lofted by levitation and maintained by electromagnetic fields. Electrostatic bursting would
destroy ring particles resulting in short lifetimes for the rings. Therefore, a process is
required that continually replenishes the particles. The entire set of facts indicates that
the phenomenon has to be time-varying and not in the ring plane itself, and the Fields must
deflect from each other along the ring plane, as expected for the Field-dynamical Model.
The surprises were many, but are expected of the new model, and scientists have
observed the phenomena. "Profiles of these strange Uranian rings confirmed that the
particles tended to spread outward toward the edges of each ring, but were then prevented from
going farther, almost as if they were piling up against an impenetrable wall."
"Stable, non-transient ring arcs would obviously require a longitudinal confinement
mechanism; transient arcs require the continual creation, dispersal, and replenishment of local
concentrations of ring material."
One author gives very convincing evidence that electromagnetic forces are involved
in ring formation and dynamics, and discusses the failure of gravitational theories. The
dynamics of the rings, such as their flat or planar shape is one example: "Planar shapes
can be constructed with electro-potential fields, but only with appropriate field combinations.
Hence, such combinations are not likely to occur [and] clearly some new mechanism is called
for." The short timescale for ring systems is also an unsolved problem for conventional
theorists. The conclusions are clear: "Each is constrained to an orbit close to the
equator of these oblate giants, appears to be much younger than its planet, and requires ongoing
processes to maintain its very existence."
Stars, Galaxies and Beyond
And see the news stories below.
News Releases About Planets, Stars, Galaxies and Beyond
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Richard Michael Pasichnyk
Copyright 1999-2009
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Last Update: 11-21-08